完善机制(完善机制保障质效)

内容来源：极速风潮更新时间：2023-05-28 20:59:37

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用市场机制盘活存量土地和低效用地，提高土地资源的使用效率，特别是推进国有企业中存量用地的盘活利用。具体措施包括研究完善相关税费制度、完善城乡建设用地增减挂钩政策等。\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cimgclass=\"empty_bg\"data-lazyload=\"https://x0.ifengimg.com/ucms/2020_15/8CA3E56061BCA62562686046D0CC7DAB883B57AF_w793_h452.png\"src=\"data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP\"style=\"background-color:#f2f2f2;padding-top:56.99873896595208%;\"/>\u003c/p>\u003cp>劳动力：改革户籍，畅通流动\u003c/p>\u003cp>劳动力要素改革的重点在于引导劳动力合理畅通有序流动，具体来看有两大主要内容：\u003c/p>\u003cp>一是深化户籍改革。此前多项措施在国家发改委印发的《2019新型城镇化建设重点任务》中已有部署。一方面，推进非户籍人口在城市落户，包括推动超大、特大城市调整完善积分落户政策以及放开放宽除个别超大城市外的城市落户限制，其中“探索推动在长三角、珠三角等城市群率先实现户籍准入年限同城化累计互认”为政策的一大亮点，或意味着“区域间转积分和转户籍通道”的积极尝试。另一方面，缩小常住人口和户籍居民之间的差异，包括建立基本公共服务与常住人口挂钩机制、推动公共资源按常住人口规模配置。\u003c/p>\u003cp>二是畅通流动渠道。通过保障和激励等改革手段使得劳动力流动到能发挥其最大效益的地方去，打通过去流动中的阻碍环节，主要包括畅通劳动力和人才社会性流动渠道、完善技术技能评价制度以及加大人才引进力度等。\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cimgclass=\"empty_bg\"data-lazyload=\"https://x0.ifengimg.com/ucms/2020_15/E27A16BC3453DEE72C78F2A7B7C66EDA1041F0EE_w792_h452.png\"src=\"data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP\"style=\"background-color:#f2f2f2;padding-top:57.07070707070707%;\"/>\u003c/p>\u003cp>资本：完善制度，扩大开放\u003c/p>\u003cp>资本要素的改革重点在于完善多层次的资本市场制度，主要表现在三个方面：\u003c/p>\u003cp>一是完善股票市场的基础制度。将要制定出台完善股票市场基础制度的意见，或将成为资本市场改革中重要的顶层设计，具体包括改革完善股票市场发行、交易、退市等制度，鼓励和引导上市公司现金分红，完善投资者保护制度等。\u003c/p>\u003cp>二是完善债券市场统一标准建设。改变目前略显分割的市场局面，主要措施包括推进债券市场互联互通、统一公司信用类债券信息披露标准、完善债券违约处置机制等。而在此基础上，探索对信用债券的注册制管理。\u003c/p>\u003cp>三是主动有序扩大金融业对外开放。一方面，稳步推进人民币国际化和人民币资本项目可兑换；另一方面，提高金融机构的开放水平，包括证券、基金行业对内对外双向开放、期货市场对外开放和放宽外资金融机构准入条件等。\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cimgclass=\"empty_bg\"data-lazyload=\"https://x0.ifengimg.com/ucms/2020_15/6E3273806C5F31F129F861A19F7F0102F74ACC3A_w792_h453.png\"src=\"data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP\"style=\"background-color:#f2f2f2;padding-top:57.1969696969697%;\"/>\u003c/p>\u003cp>技术：产权激励，促进转化\u003c/p>\u003cp>技术要素改革的重点在于激发技术的供给活力，以提高我国的研发创新水平，实现高质量发展，主要发力点在以下两个方面：\u003c/p>\u003cp>一是产权激励鼓励创新。尊重和保护知识产权，并探索对科研人员知识成果的激励。具体措施包括深化科技成果使用权、处置权和收益权改革，开展赋予科研人员职务科技成果所有权或长期使用权试点等。\u003c/p>\u003cp>二是促进科技成果转化。主要是把技术要素与其它各项要素结合起来，特别是注重市场机制的作用，具体包括培育发展技术转移机构和技术经理人、促进技术要素与资本要素融合发展以及支持国际科技创新合作等。\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cimgclass=\"empty_bg\"data-lazyload=\"https://x0.ifengimg.com/ucms/2020_15/9AE83A5AE1FCA5EC50B0501B3DE12AC05084DD50_w792_h452.png\"src=\"data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP\"style=\"background-color:#f2f2f2;padding-top:57.07070707070707%;\"/>\u003c/p>\u003cp>数据：培育市场，强化安保\u003c/p>\u003cp>数据要素改革重在加快培育市场，亮点表现在以下三个方面：\u003c/p>\u003cp>一是推进政府数据开放共享。主要是使得公共部门的数据资源能够得到有效利用，以便实现社会效益，包括制定出台新一批数据共享责任清单、研究建立促进企业登记、交通运输、气象等公共数据开放和数据资源有效流动的制度规范。\u003c/p>\u003cp>二是提升社会数据资源价值。培育数字经济新产业、新业态和新模式，使互联网和各个行业深度融合，支持构建农业、工业、交通、教育、安防、城市管理、公共资源交易等领域规范化数据开发利用的场景，通过数字化改造使得传统领域获得新生。\u003c/p>\u003cp>三是加强数据资源整合和安全保护。数据作为一种要素资源，需要建立相应的产权保护机制，避免被过度滥用。特别是，由于数据资源包括政务、企业商业秘密和个人隐私，更需注重对其安全的保护。\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cimgclass=\"empty_bg\"data-lazyload=\"https://x0.ifengimg.com/ucms/2020_15/9F1CC3FEF6BF12889263AAF79523AA98F513EA74_w792_h453.png\"src=\"data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP\"style=\"background-color:#f2f2f2;padding-top:57.1969696969697%;\"/>\u003c/p>\u003cp>作者单位：海通证券\u003c/p>\u003cp>第一财经获授权转载自微信公众号“姜超宏观债券研究”，原标题为《改革开放，转危为机！——要素市场配置意见解读》。\u003c/p>","type":"text"}],"currentPage":0,"pageSize":1},"editorName":"兰丽娜","editorCode":"PF020","subscribe":{"cateid":"第一财经","type":"source","catename":"第一财经","description":"","cateSource":"","backgroud":"http://p1.ifengimg.com/ifengimcp/pic/20160919/d236177a15798b010c4c_size104_w720_h186.png","api":"http://api.iclient.ifeng.com/api_wemedia_list?type=source&keyword=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E8%B4%A2%E7%BB%8F","originalName":"","redirectTab":"article","newsTime":"2020-04-1014:33:40","authorUrl":"https://www.yicai.com/news/100587231.html"}},"hasCopyRight":false,"sourceReason":"","comment":{"noAd":false,"skey":"ced4b1","commentUrl":"ucms_7vYaaWkmxe4","pcUrl":"https://finance.ifeng.com/c/7vYaaWkmxe4"},"keywords":"劳动力,生产要素","safeLevel":0,"isCloseAlgRec":false,"interact":{"isCloseShare":false,"isCloseLike":false,"isOpenCandle":false,"isOpenpray":false}};varadKeys=["topAd","infoAd0","infoAd1","infoAd2","bannerAd","articleAd","recommendAd","articleBottomAd","recommendSearchAd","fullScreenAd"];var__apiReport=(Math.random()>0.99);var__apiReportMaxCount=50;for(vari=0,len=adKeys.length;i财经频道要素市场配置意见解读：强刺激预期落空，逆周期政策托底短期经济第一财经2020-04-1014:33当前政策对症下药，一方面出台逆周期政策托底短期经济，抵消疫情带来的冲击；另一方面改革释放红利，放水养鱼，增强中长期增长动力。4月9日《关于构建更加完善的要素市场化配置体制机制的意见》（下称《意见》）发布。以下是我们的解读：1.市场配置，提质增效《意见》是对十九大、十九届四中全会精神的贯彻和落实，旨在提高要素质量和配置效率，引导各类要素协同向先进生产力集聚。十九大报告第三部分提出，使市场在资源配置中起决定性作用。十九届四中全会公报也重申，充分发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用。《意见》在其“基本原则”部分，也再次强调要“充分发挥市场配置资源的决定性作用”，表述基本一致。十九大报告第五部分也指出，要“推动经济发展质量变革、效率变革、动力变革，提高全要素生产率”，并强调，“经济体制改革必须以完善产权制度和要素市场化配置为重点，实现产权有效激励、要素自由流动、价格反应灵活、竞争公平有序、企业优胜劣汰”。十九届四中全会公报也强调，要“健全劳动、资本、土地、知识、技术、管理、数据等生产要素由市场评价贡献、按贡献决定报酬的机制”。而《意见》同样指出，要“畅通要素流动渠道，保障不同市场主体平等获取生产要素，推动要素配置依据市场规则、市场价格、市场竞争实现效益最大化和效率最优化”，可谓一脉相承。2.刺激难现，改革登场《意见》出台的背景与传递的政策信号耐人寻味。经济风声鹤唳，刺激甚嚣尘上。《意见》出台的经济背景在于：2018年初以来，中国经济增速已经历了连续8个季度的下滑，而疫情的冲击，意味着2020年1季度经济增速大概率负增长、创新低。与此同时，海外疫情仍在蔓延，各国央行纷纷大幅宽松。出台强刺激的呼声甚嚣尘上。强刺激难出现，改革释放红利。《意见》传递的政策信号则是：强刺激预期落空。用强刺激饮鸩止渴固然可以带来短期经济的回升，但却埋下债务负担等重重隐患，得不偿失。而当前政策对症下药，一方面出台逆周期政策托底短期经济，抵消疫情带来的冲击；另一方面改革释放红利，放水养鱼，增强中长期增长动力。我们认为，“改革”将成为2020年的关键词之一，而要素市场化改革将是第一步，国资国企改革有望提速。3.数据要素，颇具深意《意见》将数据纳入五大“要素”之一，颇具深意。随着信息经济发展，以大数据为代表的信息资源正在朝着生产要素的形态演进。高层曾在2014年的中央网络安全和信息化领导小组第一次会议上指出，“信息掌握的多寡成为国家软实力和竞争力的重要标志”，并在2017年再次强调，“互联网经济时代，数据是新的生产要素，是基础性资源和战略性资源，也是重要生产力”。因而《意见》将数据作为一种新型生产要素写入政策文件，反映数据作为新型要素，对其他要素效率起到倍增作用，大数据也将是推动经济高质量发展的新动能。4.市场定价，有序流动市场决定、有序流动，是要素市场化配置机制体制的集中体现。具体而言，前者包括：完善主要由市场决定要素价格机制，加强要素价格管理和监督，以及健全生产要素由市场评价贡献、按贡献决定报酬的机制。后者包括：健全要素市场化交易平台，完善要素交易规则和服务，提升要素交易监管水平，增强要素应急配置能力等。5.要素改革，多点开花我们对五大领域改革的方向和亮点进行了总结梳理。土地：城乡统一，市场供应土地要素改革的重点在于增强土地管理的灵活性，具体内容主要包括以下三个方面：一是推动农村土地改革。改革目标在于建立城乡一体化的建设用地市场，使得土地收益的分配更加公平，涵盖了农村土地征收制度改革、扩大国有土地有偿使用范围、建立公平合理的集体经营性建设用地入市增值收益分配制度等多项具体配套措施。二是深化产业用地改革。其目的在于对工业用地市场供应体系进行健全和完善，推动长期租赁、先租后让、弹性年期供应和作价出资等多种供给方式，并使得不同产业用地类型能够合理转换。三是促进建设用地改革。主要是利用市场机制盘活存量土地和低效用地，提高土地资源的使用效率，特别是推进国有企业中存量用地的盘活利用。具体措施包括研究完善相关税费制度、完善城乡建设用地增减挂钩政策等。劳动力：改革户籍，畅通流动劳动力要素改革的重点在于引导劳动力合理畅通有序流动，具体来看有两大主要内容：一是深化户籍改革。此前多项措施在国家发改委印发的《2019新型城镇化建设重点任务》中已有部署。一方面，推进非户籍人口在城市落户，包括推动超大、特大城市调整完善积分落户政策以及放开放宽除个别超大城市外的城市落户限制，其中“探索推动在长三角、珠三角等城市群率先实现户籍准入年限同城化累计互认”为政策的一大亮点，或意味着“区域间转积分和转户籍通道”的积极尝试。另一方面，缩小常住人口和户籍居民之间的差异，包括建立基本公共服务与常住人口挂钩机制、推动公共资源按常住人口规模配置。二是畅通流动渠道。通过保障和激励等改革手段使得劳动力流动到能发挥其最大效益的地方去，打通过去流动中的阻碍环节，主要包括畅通劳动力和人才社会性流动渠道、完善技术技能评价制度以及加大人才引进力度等。资本：完善制度，扩大开放资本要素的改革重点在于完善多层次的资本市场制度，主要表现在三个方面：一是完善股票市场的基础制度。将要制定出台完善股票市场基础制度的意见，或将成为资本市场改革中重要的顶层设计，具体包括改革完善股票市场发行、交易、退市等制度，鼓励和引导上市公司现金分红，完善投资者保护制度等。二是完善债券市场统一标准建设。改变目前略显分割的市场局面，主要措施包括推进债券市场互联互通、统一公司信用类债券信息披露标准、完善债券违约处置机制等。而在此基础上，探索对信用债券的注册制管理。三是主动有序扩大金融业对外开放。一方面，稳步推进人民币国际化和人民币资本项目可兑换；另一方面，提高金融机构的开放水平，包括证券、基金行业对内对外双向开放、期货市场对外开放和放宽外资金融机构准入条件等。技术：产权激励，促进转化技术要素改革的重点在于激发技术的供给活力，以提高我国的研发创新水平，实现高质量发展，主要发力点在以下两个方面：一是产权激励鼓励创新。尊重和保护知识产权，并探索对科研人员知识成果的激励。具体措施包括深化科技成果使用权、处置权和收益权改革，开展赋予科研人员职务科技成果所有权或长期使用权试点等。二是促进科技成果转化。主要是把技术要素与其它各项要素结合起来，特别是注重市场机制的作用，具体包括培育发展技术转移机构和技术经理人、促进技术要素与资本要素融合发展以及支持国际科技创新合作等。数据：培育市场，强化安保数据要素改革重在加快培育市场，亮点表现在以下三个方面：一是推进政府数据开放共享。主要是使得公共部门的数据资源能够得到有效利用，以便实现社会效益，包括制定出台新一批数据共享责任清单、研究建立促进企业登记、交通运输、气象等公共数据开放和数据资源有效流动的制度规范。二是提升社会数据资源价值。培育数字经济新产业、新业态和新模式，使互联网和各个行业深度融合，支持构建农业、工业、交通、教育、安防、城市管理、公共资源交易等领域规范化数据开发利用的场景，通过数字化改造使得传统领域获得新生。三是加强数据资源整合和安全保护。数据作为一种要素资源，需要建立相应的产权保护机制，避免被过度滥用。特别是，由于数据资源包括政务、企业商业秘密和个人隐私，更需注重对其安全的保护。作者单位：海通证券第一财经获授权转载自微信公众号“姜超宏观债券研究”，原标题为《改革开放，转危为机！——要素市场配置意见解读》。举报打开app阅读更多精彩内容热点新闻IfengAmgr.start()