滑铁卢战役(滑铁卢战役发生于哪一年)

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39欧洲霸主居然负债累累？声音免费在线播放-喜马拉雅手机版搜索打开APP5.95万试听180秒39欧洲霸主居然负债累累？00:0012:17知识点卡片 重点内容在欧洲历史上，英法两国是老对头。在光荣革命之前，英法两国经常打仗，但是战争中英国一直处于下风，主要是英国的国力无法与法国抗衡。光荣革命之后，英国的财政能力，主要是“借钱”的能力大大提高。国债制度的诞生，意味着根本性的制度变革，即“王权”受到限制，而议会的权力获得扩张，这一切促进了英国国力的飞速增长，一个新的“日不落帝国“冉冉升起。文稿 上一集讲到，英国的财政能力很强，所以在鸦片战争中取得了胜利。其实英国不但在与中国的鸦片战争中轻松获胜，在欧洲大陆，也没有了敌手。 在欧洲历史上，英法两国是老对头。在光荣革命之前，英法两国经常打仗，但是战争中英国一直处于下风，主要是英国的国力是无法与法国抗衡的。光荣革命时，英伦三岛总面积是31万平方公里，总人口是894万。相比之下，法国拥有56万平方公里的国土面积，总人口达1930万。当时法国的国内生产总值（GDP）约为12159万英镑，差不多是英国的两倍（英国约为6418万英镑）。 因此在光荣革命之前，英国不是法国的对手。1337年-1453年间，英法打了一场世界最长的战争，即著名的长达116年的“百年战争”，以法国获胜结束，英国几乎丧失所有的法国领地。 然而1688年光荣革命之后，英国开始军事上的崛起，开始获胜。直到滑铁卢战役打败拿破仑，英国摧毁了法国的海上力量，夺取了法国大部分的海外殖民地，在之后法国一蹶不振，再也不是英国人的对手了。滑铁卢战役那么为什么光荣革命后英国军事力量变得如此惊人？主要是因为英国人的借钱能力变强了。 上一章讲了，英国的税收能力远强于中国。然而在英国的财政收入中，直接的税收还只是小部分，大头是国债，也就是说英国的财政能力，更主要的部分，是体现在“借钱”的能力。 我们知道打仗就是打钱，就是比谁的钱经得住消耗。光荣革命之后英国开始发行国债，获得了巨额的资金。光荣革命后没几年，1695年，英国的国债总额达到了税收的两倍，以后更是直线上升，到了1790年，国债总额攀升到2.44亿英镑，是当年政府收入的十五倍。正是强大的筹资能力，支撑着英国打嬴了一场又一场战争，成为世界头号霸主。换句话说，英国之所以能称霸欧洲，就是因为它在欧洲最能借钱。 相反，法国失败是因为它借不到钱。法国人也不傻，为了打仗它也努力发行国债，然而法国在这方面很失败，虽然法国政府愿意付出的利息差不多是英国政府的两倍，然而却没有人愿意买法国的国债。拿破仑时期在位10年，筹到的国债不到英国国债的1%，这是拿破仑最终遭遇滑铁卢的根本原因。拿破仑穿越阿尔卑斯山为什么法国借不到钱呢？因为两个国家的政治结构不同。 我们说过，在欧洲国家建立中央集权的统一民族国家的过程中，有四种模式：西班牙的绝对专制式，荷兰的松散联邦式，英国的君主立宪式，我们都介绍过了，在这里介绍一下法国的君主专制式。 法国是一个大陆型国家，周围都是强国，所以法国历史上一直有强大的军事传统，迷信武力。从十一世纪起，法国国王就不断通过打仗来进行集权。大陆型国家的集权比英国这样的海洋型国家要顺利，所以到十六世纪，法国建立了牢固的中央集权的君主专制，在路易十四时期，达到了中央集权的鼎盛阶段。 1688年时，英国忙于光荣革命，而法国则在忙着集中力量办一件大事，就是建设规模浩大的凡尔赛宫。如果你到凡尔赛宫去玩，相信你一定印象深刻。这座建筑里面林林总总的收藏和陈设，反映出集权制法国的强大和奢华，与中国帝王的宫殿在精神上并无二致。 法国的君主专制比西班牙要先进，因为它兑现了对资产阶级的承诺，推动了经济发展，顺应了资产阶级发展的要求。但是这一制度的问题在于君权缺乏有效约束。在中世纪封建制度下，和其他国家一样，法国国王的权力受到地方贵族、城市三级会议和各种行会组织的约束。但是中央集权的扩张渐渐突破了这些约束，到了路易十四阶段，国王权力无限膨胀，个人独断独行，官僚机构越发庞大，拥有军队达三十万，达到与中国帝王相仿的程度。“太阳王”路易十四而正是在这个过程中，英国国王的权力却日益缩小，并且在光荣革命中被架空成“虚君”。正是这一进一退，导致两国的借钱能力出现巨大差距。 为什么法国人借不到钱呢？道理很简单。借钱最关键的是什么？是信用。信用好，能借到钱。信用不好，没有借给你，国债就是用国家信用作为抵押。 欧洲历史上战争不断，大大小小的国王为了支持战争早就开始想尽办法借钱。一开始，国王们总是以自己的个人信誉来借，但是这样借到的钱有限。为什么呢？一是因为有的国王诚信度不高，说话不算话；二是国王总是要死的，老国王死了，新继位的国王有可能不承认前任国王欠下的债务。所以国王们虽然付出很高的利息，却通常借不到多少钱。 16世纪，哈布斯堡王朝要和法国开战，急需资金。这次哈布斯堡皇帝脑筋急转弯，不再用个人的名义借钱，而用公共机构的名义来借钱，用其领地荷兰州议会的名义来借。为什么以议会的名义来借呢？因为第一，荷兰州议会信誉特别高。我们讲过，荷兰是欧洲自治城市和议会制度最发达的地区之一，议会制度最为成熟。荷兰州议会诞生之后，一直信誉良好，从来没有违过约。荷兰曾立法保障银行交易的绝对自由，因此当后来荷兰和西班牙的军队在海洋上厮杀时，西班牙贵族手中的白银居然仍可以自由地从阿姆斯特丹银行的金库中流出，用作对抗荷兰自己。荷兰的银行，甚至还可以合法地贷款给正在和自己国家作战的敌人。所以，大家信得着荷兰。哈布斯堡家族第二，更为关键的是，国王会死，荷兰州议会却是永久性机构，不会消失。第三，哈布斯堡皇帝有时穷有时富，荷兰州议会的税收却一直稳定增长，有稳定的还债能力。 当然，荷兰州议会不会无条件为哈布斯堡皇帝借钱，荷兰州议会同意为皇帝借钱，但要求以后有权限制哈布斯堡皇帝的财政支出，这样还款就有了双重保障。 于是，哈布斯堡皇帝以交出部分财政权为代价，将自己的“个人借贷”转换为由议会这一公共机构发行“公共债务”，“国债”就诞生了。荷兰州议会以其高度的信誉，稳定的偿还能力，和永久存在的生命，轻松地为哈布斯堡皇帝借到了大量的钱。 所以国债不是英国人的发明，是荷兰人的发明。国债制度的诞生，意味着根本性的制度变革，即“王权”受到限制，而议会的权力获得扩张。 英国“光荣革命”之后，赶跑了自己的国王，让荷兰的威廉三世继承了英国的王位，把荷兰的这套国债制度带入了英国。英国拥有良好的发生国债的基础，因为与荷兰一样，英国拥有成熟的议会制度，政府的透明度很高。人们对英国政府充满信心，相信英国政府肯定能守信归还本息。所以英国民众非常踊跃地购买债券，认为这样比把钱存在银行划算，欧洲大陆的投资者也都非常愿意投资英国，荷兰人、犹太人甚至敌对国家法国的投资人，都踊跃购买英国国债。英国议会所以英国能借到全世界的钱，来支持自己与法国打仗。1786年，英国首相皮特在下院宣布：“这个民族的生机和国运是建立在国债基础之上”。 法国发行的国债就没人买，因为法国实行君主集权制度，专制就意味着任性，意味着朝令夕改，意味着不讲信用。在国债发明之前，法国国王以个人名义借钱，总是借不到多少钱，因为历史上法国王室的信用一直很差，是著名的“老赖”，有的法国国王实在还不上钱，甚至用杀掉债权人这种办法来逃债。 英国人发行国债之后，法国也有样学样，但是法国的议会政治不成熟。从1614年到1789年间，法国的三级会议有一百多年没有召开，国王的权力不受约束，经常东一下西一下瞎搞。因此虽然利息很高，但是大家信不过这个国家，没有人买国债。 法国王室借不到钱，只能不断增税，甚至卖官鬻爵，法国政治搞得一塌糊涂，最后导致法国大革命。大革命后上台的革命政权做得更绝，他们干脆一笔勾销了三分之二的债务，结果法国的信用更是一落千丈，更筹措不到钱，只好大量收税，税收总额大大超过了革命之前的水平。 到了拿破仑时期，因为这种负面历史遗产，虽然拿破仑个人信誉很好，但是他同样借不到钱。虽然拿破仑是军事天才，架不住没钱，最终也不得不兵败滑铁卢。因此有经济学家评论道：“拿破仑是在用自己的本金和英国的利息来进行战争，焉有不败之理？” 国债很厉害，像吹气一样把英国的国力给吹起来。为什么中国历史上没有国债呢？中国人很聪明，有四大发明，也发明了纸币，发明了交子发明了钱庄，为什么中国皇帝没钱的时候想不到发行国债呢？下一集详细分析。扩展阅读  计秋枫：《近代前期英国崛起的历史逻辑》；李方恩：《“老赖”拿破仑：信用差评，焉能不败？》；陆炘如：《浅述法国封建中央集权制的形成及其主要特征》；王涛：《中央集权的政治困境——再议托克维尔热之盲点》。购买所属专辑，收听更多内容张宏杰：极简中国史8.23万订阅55集免费订阅【诚挚推荐】张宏杰：上葛老师的课，我基本没走过神儿【大咖对谈】张宏杰x梁冬：放眼全球，为何农民起义只存在于中国历史？【特别节目】张宏杰陪你聊法国【粉丝福利】节目答疑课-01【粉丝福利】节目答疑课-02【大咖推荐】姜文：把中国史放在世界史的坐标上，是我特别喜欢的一种方式【大咖推荐】葛剑雄：他的观点和见解值得大家听听主播信息围炉Talk围炉而坐，侃侃而谈13.72万加关注进入主页用户评论YADSN讲的太好了，极力推荐阿超生CHIUSAANG左宗棠平新疆好像也是用的贷款溡閒d旒逝憾忄青d_no光荣革命英国国王还不是虚君dylmwyuhuang近现代国家的强大靠的是什么？就是钱！谁有钱，谁能筹集更多的资金，谁就能生活得更好，战争也就能持续更久。上古的国家拼的是道德，谁有德，谁强大。因为道德可以传扬，成为隐形的资产。1398114kjte老师讲得很好，但是好象没完啊?共多少集啊?期待继续更新。围炉Talk回复@1398114kjte:一共45期，这个月结束就更新完啦~柏拉图学园_拉斐尔法国先迫害圣殿骑士团，后又受约翰劳的骗，法国没有信用，所以败于财政破产摩西_8x世界金融史啊！这是。袁志中精彩Lily服装设计师讲得好，听着透彻！ld17a9cmun9bml4yhc3s中国皇帝可以印，同时可以在金属钱币成色做手脚相似专辑3.40万日月为明：大明王朝开国传奇|话说明朝44.79万百年天安门|历史学家阎崇年作序65.97万宋仁宗时代大人物百家讲坛唐博老师和你说不一样宋朝10.48万方志远教授讲明朝悲情人物110.20万当代历史学家葛剑雄：古代中国50讲|不一样的中国历史4.06万老广州（民国趣读·老城记）更多历史换一批猜你喜欢不负卿心不负君|霸主&文和【鼎甜听书出品】演播者：霸主&文和短篇佳作鉴赏：《离人愁》《相思烬成灰》她是祸国殃民的妖后，他是推翻暴君仁政爱民的新帝。前朝破灭，她侥幸活命却沦为人人可欺的冷宫...193230红颜霸主：不负江山不负君你那么好，我用一生祈祷，带着你江湖里逍遥；只要心还跳，就有我逗你笑，牵着你慢慢变老。她是东方不败，天下第一的魔教教主，世人眼中的魔头，他是令狐冲，因为把她打下山...4252居然这样爱你得到的时候从未想过会失去，而失去后的后知后觉中发现那是难以割舍的感情。多希望在一个夜晚或者凌晨，你会给我发一条长长的消息，短一点也没关系，告诉我这些日子里从来没...268.06万星河霸主28816.71万草原霸主《草原霸主——欧亚草原早期游牧民族的兴衰史》战争已笼罩整个大地，临死前将矛投掷出去，男人的荣耀莫过于抗击敌人、保卫领土和妻儿。1253857帝国霸主【内容简介】第三帝国的元首刚刚死去，主角鸠占鹊巢成了新的元首，身份成疑让他不得不谨小慎微，远大理想让他不得不放手拼搏！且看一个假元首是如何真的成为一代元首，逆转...693364.80万霸主的崛起10336陆地霸主231.95万欧洲行欢迎关注顶呱呱老师的微信公众号“就是顶呱呱”。2623.17万我居然养出了天帝我居然养出了天帝作者：天使姐姐来了播讲：红尘修心...885.08万©2014-2023喜马拉雅版权所有window.RELATIVE_URL='/'if(window.Sentry){Sentry.init({"dsn":"https://ef477e94cde546ef94b8c84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得了胜利。其实英国不但在与中国的鸦片战争中轻松获胜，在欧洲大陆，也没有了敌手。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e在欧洲历史上，英法两国是老对头。在光荣革命之前，英法两国经常打仗，但是战争中英国一直处于下风，\u003cb\u003e主要是英国的国力是无法与法国抗衡的。\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e光荣革命时，英伦三岛总面积是31万平方公里，总人口是894万。相比之下，法国拥有56万平方公里的国土面积，总人口达1930万。当时法国的国内生产总值（GDP）约为12159万英镑，差不多是英国的两倍（英国约为6418万英镑）。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e因此在光荣革命之前，英国不是法国的对手。\u003cb\u003e1337年-1453年间，英法打了一场世界最长的战争，即著名的长达116年的“百年战争”，以法国获胜结束，英国几乎丧失所有的法国领地。\u0026nbsp;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e然而\u003cstrongstyle=\"color:#FC5832;word-break:break-all;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e1688年光荣革命\u003c/strong\u003e之后，英国开始军事上的崛起，开始获胜。直到滑铁卢战役打败拿破仑，英国摧毁了法国的海上力量，夺取了法国大部分的海外殖民地，在之后法国一蹶不振，再也不是英国人的对手了。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#333333;font-weight:normal;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u003cimgdata-key=\"1\"src=\"http://image.xmcdn.com/group65/M01/BC/B3/wKgMal19q4ygv0OuAAsx8cg0Qtw980.jpg?op_type=4\u0026amp;device_type=ios\u0026amp;upload_type=attachment\u0026amp;name=mobile_large\"alt=\"\"data-origin=\"http://image.xmcdn.com/group65/M01/BC/B3/wKgMal19q4ygv0OuAAsx8cg0Qtw980.jpg?op_type=0\"data-large=\"http://image.xmcdn.com/group65/M01/BC/B3/wKgMal19q4ygv0OuAAsx8cg0Qtw980.jpg?op_type=4\u0026amp;device_type=ios\u0026amp;upload_type=attachment\u0026amp;name=mobile_large\"data-large-width=\"750\"data-large-height=\"470\"data-preview=\"http://image.xmcdn.com/group65/M01/BC/B3/wKgMal19q4ygv0OuAAsx8cg0Qtw980.jpg?op_type=4\u0026amp;device_type=ios\u0026amp;upload_type=attachment\u0026amp;name=mobile_small\"data-preview-width=\"140\"data-preview-height=\"87\"/\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cblockquotestyle=\"font-size:14px;margin:10px0px;color:rgb(102,102,102);border-left:5pxsolidrgb(232,232,232);padding-left:15px;\"\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#666666;font-size:14px;\"data-flag=\"bk-span\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e滑铁卢战役\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/blockquote\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e那么为什么光荣革命后英国军事力量变得如此惊人？\u003cb\u003e主要是因为英国人的借钱能力变强了。\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e上一章讲了，英国的税收能力远强于中国。\u003cb\u003e然而在英国的财政收入中，直接的税收还只是小部分，大头是国债，\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e也就是说英国的财政能力，更主要的部分，是体现在“借钱”的能力。\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e我们知道打仗就是打钱，就是比谁的钱经得住消耗。光荣革命之后英国开始发行国债，获得了巨额的资金。光荣革命后没几年，1695年，英国的国债总额达到了税收的两倍，以后更是直线上升，到了1790年，国债总额攀升到2.44亿英镑，是当年政府收入的十五倍。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e正是强大的筹资能力，支撑着英国打嬴了一场又一场战争，成为世界头号霸主。\u003c/span\u003e\u003cstrongstyle=\"color:#FC5832;word-break:break-all;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e换句话说，英国之所以能称霸欧洲，就是因为它在欧洲最能借钱。\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e相反，法国失败是因为它借不到钱。法国人也不傻，为了打仗它也努力发行国债，然而法国在这方面很失败，虽然法国政府愿意付出的利息差不多是英国政府的两倍，然而却没有人愿意买法国的国债。拿破仑时期在位10年，筹到的国债不到英国国债的1%，这是拿破仑最终遭遇滑铁卢的根本原因。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u003cimgdata-key=\"2\"src=\"http://image.xmcdn.com/group64/M07/BD/B2/wKgMc119rMWAxuKiAADhlEIpQk4047.jpg?op_type=4\u0026amp;device_type=ios\u0026amp;upload_type=attachment\u0026amp;name=mobile_large\"alt=\"\"data-origin=\"http://image.xmcdn.com/group64/M07/BD/B2/wKgMc119rMWAxuKiAADhlEIpQk4047.jpg?op_type=0\"data-large=\"http://image.xmcdn.com/group64/M07/BD/B2/wKgMc119rMWAxuKiAADhlEIpQk4047.jpg?op_type=4\u0026amp;device_type=ios\u0026amp;upload_type=attachment\u0026amp;name=mobile_large\"data-large-width=\"750\"data-large-height=\"977\"data-preview=\"http://image.xmcdn.com/group64/M07/BD/B2/wKgMc119rMWAxuKiAADhlEIpQk4047.jpg?op_type=4\u0026amp;device_type=ios\u0026amp;upload_type=attachment\u0026amp;name=mobile_small\"data-preview-width=\"140\"data-preview-height=\"182\"/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cblockquotestyle=\"font-size:14px;margin:10px0px;color:rgb(102,102,102);border-left:5pxsolidrgb(232,232,232);padding-left:15px;\"\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#666666;font-size:14px;\"data-flag=\"bk-span\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e拿破仑穿越阿尔卑斯山\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/blockquote\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e为什么法国借不到钱呢？因为两个国家的政治结构不同。\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e我们说过，在欧洲国家建立中央集权的统一民族国家的过程中，有四种模式：\u003cb\u003e西班牙的绝对专制式，荷兰的松散联邦式，英国的君主立宪式，\u003c/b\u003e我们都介绍过了，在这里介绍一下\u003cb\u003e法国的君主专制式\u003c/b\u003e。\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e法国是一个大陆型国家，周围都是强国，所以法国历史上一直有强大的军事传统，迷信武力。从十一世纪起，法国国王就不断通过打仗来进行集权。大陆型国家的集权比英国这样的海洋型国家要顺利，所以到十六世纪，法国建立了牢固的中央集权的君主专制，在路易十四时期，达到了中央集权的鼎盛阶段。\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e1688\u003c/span\u003e年时，英国忙于光荣革命，而法国则在忙着集中力量办一件大事，就是建设规模浩大的凡尔赛宫。如果你到凡尔赛宫去玩，相信你一定印象深刻。这座建筑里面林林总总的收藏和陈设，反映出集权制法国的强大和奢华，与中国帝王的宫殿在精神上并无二致。\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e法国的君主专制比西班牙要先进，因为它兑现了对资产阶级的承诺，推动了经济发展，顺应了资产阶级发展的要求。\u003c/p\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e但是这一制度的问题在于君权缺乏有效约束。在中世纪封建制度下，和其他国家一样，法国国王的权力受到地方贵族、城市三级会议和各种行会组织的约束。但是中央集权的扩张渐渐突破了这些约束，到了路易十四阶段，国王权力无限膨胀，个人独断独行，官僚机构越发庞大，拥有军队达三十万，达到与中国帝王相仿的程度。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cimgdata-key=\"3\"src=\"http://image.xmcdn.com/group66/M05/BD/D2/wKgMdV19reuBKLbDAAg2GxLGAKU44.jpeg?op_type=4\u0026amp;device_type=ios\u0026amp;upload_type=attachment\u0026amp;name=mobile_large\"alt=\"\"data-origin=\"http://image.xmcdn.com/group66/M05/BD/D2/wKgMdV19reuBKLbDAAg2GxLGAKU44.jpeg?op_type=0\"data-large=\"http://image.xmcdn.com/group66/M05/BD/D2/wKgMdV19reuBKLbDAAg2GxLGAKU44.jpeg?op_type=4\u0026amp;device_type=ios\u0026amp;upload_type=attachment\u0026amp;name=mobile_large\"data-large-width=\"750\"data-large-height=\"1043\"data-preview=\"http://image.xmcdn.com/group66/M05/BD/D2/wKgMdV19reuBKLbDAAg2GxLGAKU44.jpeg?op_type=4\u0026amp;device_type=ios\u0026amp;upload_type=attachment\u0026amp;name=mobile_small\"data-preview-width=\"140\"data-preview-height=\"194\"/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cblockquotestyle=\"font-size:14px;margin:10px0px;color:rgb(102,102,102);border-left:5pxsolidrgb(232,232,232);padding-left:15px;\"\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#666666;font-size:14px;\"data-flag=\"bk-span\"\u003e\u003cspanstyle=\"color:#666666;font-size:14px;\"data-flag=\"bk-span\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e“太阳王”路易十四\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/blockquote\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"font-size:16px;line-height:30px;color:#333333;font-weight:normal;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e而正是在这个过程中，英国国王的权力却日益缩小，并且在光荣革命中被架空成“虚君”。正是这一进一退，导致两国的借钱能力出现巨大差距。\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e为什么法国人借不到钱呢？道理很简单。借钱最关键的是什么？是信用。信用好，能借到钱。信用不好，没有借给你，国债就是用国家信用作为抵押。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e欧洲历史上战争不断，大大小小的国王为了支持战争早就开始想尽办法借钱。一开始，国王们总是以自己的个人信誉来借，但是这样借到的钱有限。为什么呢？一是因为有的国王诚信度不高，说话不算话；二是国王总是要死的，老国王死了，新继位的国王有可能不承认前任国王欠下的债务。所以国王们虽然付出很高的利息，却通常借不到多少钱。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e16世纪，哈布斯堡王朝要和法国开战，急需资金。这次哈布斯堡皇帝脑筋急转弯，不再用个人的名义借钱，而用公共机构的名义来借钱，用其领地荷兰州议会的名义来借。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e为什么以议会的名义来借呢？因为第一，\u003cb\u003e荷兰州议会信誉特别高。我们讲过，荷兰是欧洲自治城市和议会制度最发达的地区之一，议会制度最为成熟。\u003c/b\u003e荷兰州议会诞生之后，一直信誉良好，从来没有违过约。荷兰曾立法保障银行交易的绝对自由，因此当后来荷兰和西班牙的军队在海洋上厮杀时，西班牙贵族手中的白银居然仍可以自由地从阿姆斯特丹银行的金库中流出，用作对抗荷兰自己。荷兰的银行，甚至还可以合法地贷款给正在和自己国家作战的敌人。所以，大家信得着荷兰。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#333333;font-weight:normal;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u003cimgdata-key=\"4\"src=\"http://image.xmcdn.com/group64/M00/BD/CD/wKgMaV19ruzD_rLVAAIBec6ZbKg62.jpeg?op_type=4\u0026amp;device_type=ios\u0026amp;upload_type=attachment\u0026amp;name=mobile_large\"alt=\"\"data-origin=\"http://image.xmcdn.com/group64/M00/BD/CD/wKgMaV19ruzD_rLVAAIBec6ZbKg62.jpeg?op_type=0\"data-large=\"http://image.xmcdn.com/group64/M00/BD/CD/wKgMaV19ruzD_rLVAAIBec6ZbKg62.jpeg?op_type=4\u0026amp;device_type=ios\u0026amp;upload_type=attachment\u0026amp;name=mobile_large\"data-large-width=\"750\"data-large-height=\"556\"data-preview=\"http://image.xmcdn.com/group64/M00/BD/CD/wKgMaV19ruzD_rLVAAIBec6ZbKg62.jpeg?op_type=4\u0026amp;device_type=ios\u0026amp;upload_type=attachment\u0026amp;name=mobile_small\"data-preview-width=\"140\"data-preview-height=\"103\"/\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cblockquotestyle=\"font-size:14px;margin:10px0px;color:rgb(102,102,102);border-left:5pxsolidrgb(232,232,232);padding-left:15px;\"\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#666666;font-size:14px;\"data-flag=\"bk-span\"\u003e\u003cspanstyle=\"color:#666666;font-size:14px;\"data-flag=\"bk-span\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e哈布斯堡家族\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/blockquote\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cb\u003e第二，更为关键的是，国王会死，荷兰州议会却是永久性机构，不会消失。第三，哈布斯堡皇帝有时穷有时富，荷兰州议会的税收却一直稳定增长，有稳定的还债能力。\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e当然，荷兰州议会不会无条件为哈布斯堡皇帝借钱，荷兰州议会同意为皇帝借钱，但要求以后有权限制哈布斯堡皇帝的财政支出，这样还款就有了双重保障。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cb\u003e于是，哈布斯堡皇帝以交出部分财政权为代价，将自己的“个人借贷”转换为由议会这一公共机构发行“公共债务”，“国债”就诞生了。\u003c/b\u003e荷兰州议会以其高度的信誉，稳定的偿还能力，和永久存在的生命，轻松地为哈布斯堡皇帝借到了大量的钱。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e所以国债不是英国人的发明，是荷兰人的发明。\u003cstrongstyle=\"color:#FC5832;word-break:break-all;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e国债制度的诞生，意味着根本性的制度变革，即“王权”受到限制，而议会的权力获得扩张。\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e英国“光荣革命”之后，赶跑了自己的国王，让荷兰的威廉三世继承了英国的王位，把荷兰的这套国债制度带入了英国。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e英国拥有良好的发生国债的基础，因为与荷兰一样，英国拥有成熟的议会制度，政府的透明度很高。人们对英国政府充满信心，相信英国政府肯定能守信归还本息。所以英国民众非常踊跃地购买债券，认为这样比把钱存在银行划算，欧洲大陆的投资者也都非常愿意投资英国，荷兰人、犹太人甚至敌对国家法国的投资人，都踊跃购买英国国债。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#333333;font-weight:normal;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u003cimgdata-key=\"5\"src=\"http://image.xmcdn.com/group65/M00/BD/01/wKgMal19r6qxq2PsAATcXlp6rGU035.jpg?op_type=4\u0026amp;device_type=ios\u0026amp;upload_type=attachment\u0026amp;name=mobile_large\"alt=\"\"data-origin=\"http://image.xmcdn.com/group65/M00/BD/01/wKgMal19r6qxq2PsAATcXlp6rGU035.jpg?op_type=0\"data-large=\"http://image.xmcdn.com/group65/M00/BD/01/wKgMal19r6qxq2PsAATcXlp6rGU035.jpg?op_type=4\u0026amp;device_type=ios\u0026amp;upload_type=attachment\u0026amp;name=mobile_large\"data-large-width=\"750\"data-large-height=\"498\"data-preview=\"http://image.xmcdn.com/group65/M00/BD/01/wKgMal19r6qxq2PsAATcXlp6rGU035.jpg?op_type=4\u0026amp;device_type=ios\u0026amp;upload_type=attachment\u0026amp;name=mobile_small\"data-preview-width=\"140\"data-preview-height=\"93\"/\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cblockquotestyle=\"font-size:14px;margin:10px0px;color:rgb(102,102,102);border-left:5pxsolidrgb(232,232,232);padding-left:15px;\"\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#666666;font-size:14px;\"data-flag=\"bk-span\"\u003e\u003cspanstyle=\"color:#666666;font-size:14px;\"data-flag=\"bk-span\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e英国议会\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/blockquote\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"font-size:16px;line-height:30px;color:#333333;font-weight:normal;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e所以英国能借到全世界的钱，来支持自己与法国打仗。1786年，英国首相皮特在下院宣布：“\u003cb\u003e这个民族的生机和国运是建立在国债基础之上\u003c/b\u003e”。\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e法国\u003cspan\u003e发行的国债就没人买，因为\u003c/span\u003e法国实行君主集权制度\u003cspan\u003e，\u003c/span\u0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family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#333333;font-weight:normal;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u003cimgdata-key=\"0\"src=\"http://image.xmcdn.com/group66/M01/CF/78/wKgMa11-8N-yxyHBAAOxKbNom9I470.png?op_type=4\u0026amp;device_type=ios\u0026amp;upload_type=attachment\u0026amp;name=mobile_large\"alt=\"\"data-origin=\"http://image.xmcdn.com/group66/M01/CF/78/wKgMa11-8N-yxyHBAAOxKbNom9I470.png?op_type=0\"data-large=\"http://image.xmcdn.com/group66/M01/CF/78/wKgMa11-8N-yxyHBAAOxKbNom9I470.png?op_type=4\u0026amp;device_type=ios\u0026amp;upload_type=attachment\u0026amp;name=mobile_large\"data-large-width=\"750\"data-large-height=\"358\"data-preview=\"http://image.xmcdn.com/group66/M01/CF/78/wKgMa11-8N-yxyHBAAOxKbNom9I470.png?op_type=4\u0026amp;device_type=ios\u0026amp;upload_type=attachment\u0026amp;name=mobile_small\"data-preview-width=\"140\"data-preview-height=\"66\"/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u003cspandata-flag=\"tag\"style=\"font-size:16px;padding:5px;margin:10px0px;color:#fff;background:#FC5832;display:inline-block;\"\u003e重点内容\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e在欧洲历史上，英法两国是老对头。在光荣革命之前，英法两国经常打仗，但是战争中英国一直处于下风，主要是英国的国力无法与法国抗衡。光荣革命之后，英国的财政能力，主要是“借钱”的能力大大提高。国债制度的诞生，意味着根本性的制度变革，即“王权”受到限制，而议会的权力获得扩张，这一切促进了英国国力的飞速增长，一个新的“日不落帝国“冉冉升起。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003chrstyle=\"border:0px;margin:20px0px;background:#ddd;display:inline-block;width:100%;border-style:solid;height:1px;\"/\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u003cspandata-flag=\"tag\"style=\"font-size:16px;padding:5px;margin:10px0px;color:#fff;background:#FC5832;display:inline-block;\"\u003e文稿\u003c/span\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e上一集讲到，英国的财政能力很强，所以在鸦片战争中取得了胜利。其实英国不但在与中国的鸦片战争中轻松获胜，在欧洲大陆，也没有了敌手。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e在欧洲历史上，英法两国是老对头。在光荣革命之前，英法两国经常打仗，但是战争中英国一直处于下风，\u003cb\u003e主要是英国的国力是无法与法国抗衡的。\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e光荣革命时，英伦三岛总面积是31万平方公里，总人口是894万。相比之下，法国拥有56万平方公里的国土面积，总人口达1930万。当时法国的国内生产总值（GDP）约为12159万英镑，差不多是英国的两倍（英国约为6418万英镑）。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e因此在光荣革命之前，英国不是法国的对手。\u003cb\u003e1337年-1453年间，英法打了一场世界最长的战争，即著名的长达116年的“百年战争”，以法国获胜结束，英国几乎丧失所有的法国领地。\u0026nbsp;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e然而\u003cstrongstyle=\"color:#FC5832;word-break:break-all;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e1688年光荣革命\u003c/strong\u003e之后，英国开始军事上的崛起，开始获胜。直到滑铁卢战役打败拿破仑，英国摧毁了法国的海上力量，夺取了法国大部分的海外殖民地，在之后法国一蹶不振，再也不是英国人的对手了。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#333333;font-weight:normal;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u003cimgdata-key=\"1\"src=\"http://image.xmcdn.com/group65/M01/BC/B3/wKgMal19q4ygv0OuAAsx8cg0Qtw980.jpg?op_type=4\u0026amp;device_type=ios\u0026amp;upload_type=attachment\u0026amp;name=mobile_large\"alt=\"\"data-origin=\"http://image.xmcdn.com/group65/M01/BC/B3/wKgMal19q4ygv0OuAAsx8cg0Qtw980.jpg?op_type=0\"data-large=\"http://image.xmcdn.com/group65/M01/BC/B3/wKgMal19q4ygv0OuAAsx8cg0Qtw980.jpg?op_type=4\u0026amp;device_type=ios\u0026amp;upload_type=attachment\u0026amp;name=mobile_large\"data-large-width=\"750\"data-large-height=\"470\"data-preview=\"http://image.xmcdn.com/group65/M01/BC/B3/wKgMal19q4ygv0OuAAsx8cg0Qtw980.jpg?op_type=4\u0026amp;device_type=ios\u0026amp;upload_type=attachment\u0026amp;name=mobile_small\"data-preview-width=\"140\"data-preview-height=\"87\"/\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cblockquotestyle=\"font-size:14px;margin:10px0px;color:rgb(102,102,102);border-left:5pxsolidrgb(232,232,232);padding-left:15px;\"\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#666666;font-size:14px;\"data-flag=\"bk-span\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e滑铁卢战役\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/blockquote\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e那么为什么光荣革命后英国军事力量变得如此惊人？\u003cb\u003e主要是因为英国人的借钱能力变强了。\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e上一章讲了，英国的税收能力远强于中国。\u003cb\u003e然而在英国的财政收入中，直接的税收还只是小部分，大头是国债，\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e也就是说英国的财政能力，更主要的部分，是体现在“借钱”的能力。\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e我们知道打仗就是打钱，就是比谁的钱经得住消耗。光荣革命之后英国开始发行国债，获得了巨额的资金。光荣革命后没几年，1695年，英国的国债总额达到了税收的两倍，以后更是直线上升，到了1790年，国债总额攀升到2.44亿英镑，是当年政府收入的十五倍。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e正是强大的筹资能力，支撑着英国打嬴了一场又一场战争，成为世界头号霸主。\u003c/span\u003e\u003cstrongstyle=\"color:#FC5832;word-break:break-all;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e换句话说，英国之所以能称霸欧洲，就是因为它在欧洲最能借钱。\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e相反，法国失败是因为它借不到钱。法国人也不傻，为了打仗它也努力发行国债，然而法国在这方面很失败，虽然法国政府愿意付出的利息差不多是英国政府的两倍，然而却没有人愿意买法国的国债。拿破仑时期在位10年，筹到的国债不到英国国债的1%，这是拿破仑最终遭遇滑铁卢的根本原因。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u003cimgdata-key=\"2\"src=\"http://image.xmcdn.com/group64/M07/BD/B2/wKgMc119rMWAxuKiAADhlEIpQk4047.jpg?op_type=4\u0026amp;device_type=ios\u0026amp;upload_type=attachment\u0026amp;name=mobile_large\"alt=\"\"data-origin=\"http://image.xmcdn.com/group64/M07/BD/B2/wKgMc119rMWAxuKiAADhlEIpQk4047.jpg?op_type=0\"data-large=\"http://image.xmcdn.com/group64/M07/BD/B2/wKgMc119rMWAxuKiAADhlEIpQk4047.jpg?op_type=4\u0026amp;device_type=ios\u0026amp;upload_type=attachment\u0026amp;name=mobile_large\"data-large-width=\"750\"data-large-height=\"977\"data-preview=\"http://image.xmcdn.com/group64/M07/BD/B2/wKgMc119rMWAxuKiAADhlEIpQk4047.jpg?op_type=4\u0026amp;device_type=ios\u0026amp;upload_type=attachment\u0026amp;name=mobile_small\"data-preview-width=\"140\"data-preview-height=\"182\"/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cblockquotestyle=\"font-size:14px;margin:10px0px;color:rgb(102,102,102);border-left:5pxsolidrgb(232,232,232);padding-left:15px;\"\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#666666;font-size:14px;\"data-flag=\"bk-span\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e拿破仑穿越阿尔卑斯山\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/blockquote\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e为什么法国借不到钱呢？因为两个国家的政治结构不同。\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e我们说过，在欧洲国家建立中央集权的统一民族国家的过程中，有四种模式：\u003cb\u003e西班牙的绝对专制式，荷兰的松散联邦式，英国的君主立宪式，\u003c/b\u003e我们都介绍过了，在这里介绍一下\u003cb\u003e法国的君主专制式\u003c/b\u003e。\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e法国是一个大陆型国家，周围都是强国，所以法国历史上一直有强大的军事传统，迷信武力。从十一世纪起，法国国王就不断通过打仗来进行集权。大陆型国家的集权比英国这样的海洋型国家要顺利，所以到十六世纪，法国建立了牢固的中央集权的君主专制，在路易十四时期，达到了中央集权的鼎盛阶段。\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e1688\u003c/span\u003e年时，英国忙于光荣革命，而法国则在忙着集中力量办一件大事，就是建设规模浩大的凡尔赛宫。如果你到凡尔赛宫去玩，相信你一定印象深刻。这座建筑里面林林总总的收藏和陈设，反映出集权制法国的强大和奢华，与中国帝王的宫殿在精神上并无二致。\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e法国的君主专制比西班牙要先进，因为它兑现了对资产阶级的承诺，推动了经济发展，顺应了资产阶级发展的要求。\u003c/p\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e但是这一制度的问题在于君权缺乏有效约束。在中世纪封建制度下，和其他国家一样，法国国王的权力受到地方贵族、城市三级会议和各种行会组织的约束。但是中央集权的扩张渐渐突破了这些约束，到了路易十四阶段，国王权力无限膨胀，个人独断独行，官僚机构越发庞大，拥有军队达三十万，达到与中国帝王相仿的程度。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cimgdata-key=\"3\"src=\"http://image.xmcdn.com/group66/M05/BD/D2/wKgMdV19reuBKLbDAAg2GxLGAKU44.jpeg?op_type=4\u0026amp;device_type=ios\u0026amp;upload_type=attachment\u0026amp;name=mobile_large\"alt=\"\"data-origin=\"http://image.xmcdn.com/group66/M05/BD/D2/wKgMdV19reuBKLbDAAg2GxLGAKU44.jpeg?op_type=0\"data-large=\"http://image.xmcdn.com/group66/M05/BD/D2/wKgMdV19reuBKLbDAAg2GxLGAKU44.jpeg?op_type=4\u0026amp;device_type=ios\u0026amp;upload_type=attachment\u0026amp;name=mobile_large\"data-large-width=\"750\"data-large-height=\"1043\"data-preview=\"http://image.xmcdn.com/group66/M05/BD/D2/wKgMdV19reuBKLbDAAg2GxLGAKU44.jpeg?op_type=4\u0026amp;device_type=ios\u0026amp;upload_type=attachment\u0026amp;name=mobile_small\"data-preview-width=\"140\"data-preview-height=\"194\"/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cblockquotestyle=\"font-size:14px;margin:10px0px;color:rgb(102,102,102);border-left:5pxsolidrgb(232,232,232);padding-left:15px;\"\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#666666;font-size:14px;\"data-flag=\"bk-span\"\u003e\u003cspanstyle=\"color:#666666;font-size:14px;\"data-flag=\"bk-span\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e“太阳王”路易十四\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/blockquote\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"font-size:16px;line-height:30px;color:#333333;font-weight:normal;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e而正是在这个过程中，英国国王的权力却日益缩小，并且在光荣革命中被架空成“虚君”。正是这一进一退，导致两国的借钱能力出现巨大差距。\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e为什么法国人借不到钱呢？道理很简单。借钱最关键的是什么？是信用。信用好，能借到钱。信用不好，没有借给你，国债就是用国家信用作为抵押。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e欧洲历史上战争不断，大大小小的国王为了支持战争早就开始想尽办法借钱。一开始，国王们总是以自己的个人信誉来借，但是这样借到的钱有限。为什么呢？一是因为有的国王诚信度不高，说话不算话；二是国王总是要死的，老国王死了，新继位的国王有可能不承认前任国王欠下的债务。所以国王们虽然付出很高的利息，却通常借不到多少钱。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e16世纪，哈布斯堡王朝要和法国开战，急需资金。这次哈布斯堡皇帝脑筋急转弯，不再用个人的名义借钱，而用公共机构的名义来借钱，用其领地荷兰州议会的名义来借。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e为什么以议会的名义来借呢？因为第一，\u003cb\u003e荷兰州议会信誉特别高。我们讲过，荷兰是欧洲自治城市和议会制度最发达的地区之一，议会制度最为成熟。\u003c/b\u003e荷兰州议会诞生之后，一直信誉良好，从来没有违过约。荷兰曾立法保障银行交易的绝对自由，因此当后来荷兰和西班牙的军队在海洋上厮杀时，西班牙贵族手中的白银居然仍可以自由地从阿姆斯特丹银行的金库中流出，用作对抗荷兰自己。荷兰的银行，甚至还可以合法地贷款给正在和自己国家作战的敌人。所以，大家信得着荷兰。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#333333;font-weight:normal;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u003cimgdata-key=\"4\"src=\"http://image.xmcdn.com/group64/M00/BD/CD/wKgMaV19ruzD_rLVAAIBec6ZbKg62.jpeg?op_type=4\u0026amp;device_type=ios\u0026amp;upload_type=attachment\u0026amp;name=mobile_large\"alt=\"\"data-origin=\"http://image.xmcdn.com/group64/M00/BD/CD/wKgMaV19ruzD_rLVAAIBec6ZbKg62.jpeg?op_type=0\"data-large=\"http://image.xmcdn.com/group64/M00/BD/CD/wKgMaV19ruzD_rLVAAIBec6ZbKg62.jpeg?op_type=4\u0026amp;device_type=ios\u0026amp;upload_type=attachment\u0026amp;name=mobile_large\"data-large-width=\"750\"data-large-height=\"556\"data-preview=\"http://image.xmcdn.com/group64/M00/BD/CD/wKgMaV19ruzD_rLVAAIBec6ZbKg62.jpeg?op_type=4\u0026amp;device_type=ios\u0026amp;upload_type=attachment\u0026amp;name=mobile_small\"data-preview-width=\"140\"data-preview-height=\"103\"/\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cblockquotestyle=\"font-size:14px;margin:10px0px;color:rgb(102,102,102);border-left:5pxsolidrgb(232,232,232);padding-left:15px;\"\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#666666;font-size:14px;\"data-flag=\"bk-span\"\u003e\u003cspanstyle=\"color:#666666;font-size:14px;\"data-flag=\"bk-span\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e哈布斯堡家族\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/blockquote\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cb\u003e第二，更为关键的是，国王会死，荷兰州议会却是永久性机构，不会消失。第三，哈布斯堡皇帝有时穷有时富，荷兰州议会的税收却一直稳定增长，有稳定的还债能力。\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e当然，荷兰州议会不会无条件为哈布斯堡皇帝借钱，荷兰州议会同意为皇帝借钱，但要求以后有权限制哈布斯堡皇帝的财政支出，这样还款就有了双重保障。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cb\u003e于是，哈布斯堡皇帝以交出部分财政权为代价，将自己的“个人借贷”转换为由议会这一公共机构发行“公共债务”，“国债”就诞生了。\u003c/b\u003e荷兰州议会以其高度的信誉，稳定的偿还能力，和永久存在的生命，轻松地为哈布斯堡皇帝借到了大量的钱。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e所以国债不是英国人的发明，是荷兰人的发明。\u003cstrongstyle=\"color:#FC5832;word-break:break-all;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:normal;\"\u003e国债制度的诞生，意味着根本性的制度变革，即“王权”受到限制，而议会的权力获得扩张。\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;\"data-flag=\"normal\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e英国“光荣革命”之后，赶跑了自己的国王，让荷兰的威廉三世继承了英国的王位，把荷兰的这套国债制度带入了英国。\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cpstyle=\"color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-f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